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The Tawbuid language is a language spoken by Tau-buid Mangyans in the province of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is divided
into eastern and western dialects. The Bangon Mangyans also speak the western dialect of Tawbuid. Tau-buid (or Tawbuid) Mangyans
live in Oriental Mindoro, in the municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan and Gloria; in Occidental Mindoro, in the municipalities
of Sablayan and Calintaan. They are known for smoking pipes, starting as a child. Western Tawbuid Phonology Phonemes vowels
i ɨ u e ɔ a consonants bilabial labiodental alveolar palatal velar plosive b p d t g k fricative f s nasal m n ŋ lateral l
flap ɾ approximant w y Historical comparison Comparison with related languages show a gradual loss of /k/ -> /h/ -> /Ø/. e.g.
Tagalog: ako, -> Buhid: aho -> Tawbuid: au ‘I’ kami -> hami -> ami ‘we’ There is a residual /k/ in the 1st person singular,
in the affix /ak-/, usually shortened in speech to /k-/. E.g. kadasug kban (or akban) ‘I will arrive. ’ Glottals It will be
noticed that there are no glottal phonemes, either /h/ or /ʔ/. The glottal stop /ʔ/ is absent as a phoneme in Tawbuid, though
may be the realization of boundary between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels
are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. e.g. fakafanyuun ‘love’ may be pronounced /fakafanyu'ʔun/
or /fakafan'yu:n/ fagfanyaan ‘waiting place’ /fakfanya'ʔan/ or /fakfan'ya:n/ naali ‘dug’ /na'ali/ or /na'ʔali/ Notice that
in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular
stress pattern. Vowels following /i/ and /u/ offer different interpretations, as to whether a linking /y/ or /w/ is present.
siu or siyu ‘elbow’ tua or tuwa grammatical marker Assimilation. There is a remarkable absence of assimliation at the point
of articulation of nasals with following sounds. e.g. lanbung ‘shade, clothing’ (rather than */lambung/) sangdaw ‘animal trap’
(not */sandaw/) angru ‘dried bulu (kind of bamboo)’ (not */anru/) anbul ‘taken, died’ (not */ambul/) Description of phonemes
/i/ close front spread occurs syllable initial, middle and final idu ‘dog’ lino ‘lake, sea, body of water’ katsi ‘now, today’
/e/ half close front spread established as a phoneme in contrast with /i/ by minimal pairs lili ‘said while tickling pig’
lele ‘tongue’ liplip ‘blink eyes, flash light’ leplep ‘tongue’ occurrence in similar environment: seud ‘steam or boil to cook’
siun ‘right-hand side’ Historically this was most likely /ay/. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world, for
/ay/ to become /e/, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with ‘may’ being pronounced /me/ in connected
speech. ) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this: wase ‘axe’ Cf other dialects, including Alangan, Ilocano:
‘wasay’ sunge ‘horn’ Cf. Tagalog ‘sungay’ abe ‘winged bean’ Cf. Iraya ‘abay’. Within Tawbuid, /ay/ and /e/ alternate with
different grammatical forms of the same word. sable ‘cross a hill’ sablayan ‘the place where you arrive after crossing a hill’
-duge ‘a long time’ (root word) kadugean or kadugayan ‘elapsed time’ /a/ open central unrounded Vowel which occurs in syllable
initial, mid and final positions. amlung ‘species of vine’ ban ‘species of tree’ fana ‘arrow’ /o/ half-open back rounded established
as a phoneme in contrast with /u/ by minimal pairs biu ‘species of shell’ bio ‘eagle’ susu ‘breast’ soso ‘rinsed nami’ As
with /e/, this is probably a historical development of /aw/. A similar process occurred in English and French. o ‘you (singular)’
Cf. Buhid ‘haw’. ano ‘fan palm’ Cf. Tagalog ‘anahaw’ fiso ‘bush knife’ Cf. Alangan, Indonesian, ‘pisaw’ /u/ close back rounded
syllable initial, middle and final u ‘finger nail, toe nail’ ugak ‘crow’ fagut ‘tame’ alu ‘mortar’ /ɨ/ close central unrounded
syllable initial middle and final vtv ‘immediate, subsequent’ gvnas ‘pull leaves off stalk’ In orthography, letter ‘v’ is
used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter.
It is the least frequent vowel, (> 1%) and in fact the least frequent phoneme (> 0.5%) in the language. Mostly occurs with
/a/ or /ɨ/ in adjacent syllable. In all but one word (tibanglvn) /a/ and /ɨ/ are the only vowels used. /b/ voiced bilabial
plosive. syllable initial and final e.g. bio ‘eagle’ kalub ‘fall face down’ /p/ voiceless bilabial plosive. environment: syllable
initial (but rare word initial) and final variants: [p p] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive, environment: syllable initial
patuy ‘compressed lump of soaked nami’ paras ‘small mouse species’ agipan ‘scorpion’ apalya ‘ampalaya, bitter gourd’ napsug
‘full, satisfied with food’ [pʰ pʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive environment: word final tap ‘number’ /p/
is established as a phoneme in contrast with /f/ by the following: there is at least one minimal pair: tapi ‘count (imperative)’,
from root ‘tap’ plus suffix -i tafi ‘slash, chop mark from a knife’ /p/ is in contrastive distribution with /f/, under the
following circumstances: · /f/ is never syllable-final, but /p/ can be. · /f/ cannot be followed by /ɨ/, but /p/ frequently
is. (e.g. /yapvs/ ‘skin boil’, /yafus/ ‘cockroach’) /d/ voiced alveolar plosive. syllable initial and final. dufa ‘armspan’
galiad ‘have a cut under one’s toe’ baladbad ‘woodpecker’ Realised as [t t] before voiceless consonants, most frequently in
the verb form CVd-root-an. /kadkafanyu'an/ -> [katkafanyu'an katkafanyu'an] ‘loving one another’ /t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
environment: syllable initial and final variants: [t t] voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosive environment: syllable initial
take ‘arm’ makatu ‘able’ [tʰ tʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated (or released without aspiration) plosive environment: word final
mabiat ‘heavy’ meut ‘vegetation’ /g/ voiced velar plosive environment: syllable initial and final, or initial cluster. gewan
‘come here’ ragbas ‘cut grass’ salug ‘floor’ realised as [k k] before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix
g-, and prefixes tag-, fag-. /gted/ -> [kted kted] ‘holding’ /'gfili/ -> ['kfili 'kfili] ‘choosing’ /tagti'ug/ -> [takti'ug
takti'ug] ‘the one who is sleeping’ /k/ voiceless velar plosive environment: syllable initial and final [k k] voiceless unaspirated
bilabial plosive, environment: syllable initial kesug ‘love, cherish’ nasuksuan ‘hidden’ [kʰ kʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated
plosive environment: word final sinduk ‘peck’ atsik ‘click’ There is a tendency for the initial /k/ to be lost in Tawbuid
compared to similar words in related languages. e.g. Tag. kasalanan > Tb. asalanan ‘sin’ Tag. Kinarawan > Tb. Inaruan ‘river
name’ Tag. katay > Tb. ate ‘kill (root word)’ /f/ voiceless labiodental fricative environment: syllable initial only. See
comments on /p/ for contrastive features. faglon ‘second most recently born child in a family’ fatfat ‘thrash around’ Rare
in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. /p/. e.g. afuy ‘fire’ fana ‘arrow’
fag grammatical linker (other Mangyan languages except Buhid, ‘pag’) /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative can occur in all syllable
positions, and in the initial consonant cluster /st/. The affricate /ts/ is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants.
/m/ bilabial nasal can occur in all syllable positions. /n/ dental nasal environment: syllable initial and final and syllabic
nanan ‘cooked sweet potato’ ntama [n'tama n'tama] ‘cooked’ /ŋ/ velar nasal environment: syllable initial and final and syllabic
ngenge ‘baby, youngest child in family’ song ‘cough’ ngurang [ŋ'guraŋ ŋ'guraŋ] ‘matured, grew up’ /l/ voiced alveolar palatalized
lateral environment: syllable initial and final laman ‘so that, in order to’ menal ‘bitter, astringent tasting’ /R/ voiced
alveolar flap environment: syllable initial and (rarely) final ria ‘ginger’ makerker ‘shoddy’ /w/ voiced bilabial approximant
environment: syllable initial and final waswas ‘chop with knife’ taw ‘person’ madaylaw ‘tiring’ /y/ voiced palatal approximant
environment: syllable initial and final yukyuk ‘kind of spirit’ sumyu ‘finger, toe’ advy ‘expression of pain’ Stress patterns
Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all
syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below). Some syllable patterns
have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two
syllables, whether final or not. /nabag'bag/ ‘attacked with knife’ /bulat'lat/ ‘species of grass’ /fag'lon/ ‘second most recently
born child’ /fan'dagum/ ‘charm made of resin’ /kafan'donan/ ‘night is falling’ Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted
by /-ar-/ or /-al-/ are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables. /falung'fung/ ‘sapling’ /balang'bang/ ‘thigh’
Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate. susu ‘breast’
lele ‘tongue’ langipi ‘wasp species’ gigi ‘dent’ soso ‘rinsed nami’ vtv ‘immediate’ But when the vowels are different, stress
can occur unpredictably. final: /nla'fi/ ‘flattened’ penultimate: /'lafi/ ‘shoulder’ final: /a'fuy/ ‘fire’ penultimate /'kafuy/
‘cry noiselessly in sleep’ A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent
stress. /'sadi/ ‘one’ (penultimate) /ma'sadi/ ‘united’ (penultimate) /fagmasadi'un/ ‘unity’ (final) /namasadi'an/ ‘agreement’
(final) In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress: /na'taw/
‘what?’ may become /:na:taw/ when said with rising pitch on the first syllable and low pitch on the second. This indicates
acute surprise. Secondary stress and tertiary stress. In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even
a tertiary stress. /²fagma³balyan¹anun/ ‘power’ /³fag²kedkesu¹ganun/ ‘mutual love’ Accent: Within the Western Tawbuid region,
there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke lag katanya ‘don’t do that’: Balani: mid,
mid, mid-to-high rising, low. Lagutay: mid-low falling, mid, mid-low falling, mid-low falling Anawin: mid, mid, mid-semitone
higher, mid. A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout. Syllable
patterns V monosyllabic words are: e, o, u Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable initial pattern. alu, ogo,
umu, vtv ‘pestle’, ‘water-skater’, ‘royal jelly’, ‘immediate, subsequent’ V-CV emad, ifag ‘louse’, ‘sister/brother-in-law’
V-CVC C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix /n-/ ndasug ‘arrived’ C-CV-CVC VC agbvt, ‘great, large’ VC-CVC amlung
‘species of vine’ ekwan ‘share of harvest’ CVC ban ‘species of tree’ CVC dot ‘species of snake’ tap ‘number’ faglon ‘second
youngest child’ CVC-CVC fadeg ‘field’ CV-CVC CCV ste ‘here’ CCV glo, gbul ‘going’, ‘getting’ CCV tsiuy ‘there’ CCV-VC CVC
with semivowels inday ‘which?’ VC-CVC araw ‘forest’ V-CVC fuyfurit ‘species of bat’ CVC-CV-CVC baybay ‘plentiful’ (root) CVC-CVC@en |
Names (more)[en] Eastern Tawbuid |
Language type : Living
Technical notes
This page is providing structured data for the language Eastern Tawbuid. |
ISO 639 CodesISO 639-3 : bnjLinked Data URIshttp://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/bnjhttp://dbpedia.org/resource/ISO_639:bnj More URIs at sameas.org SourcesAuthority documentation for ISO 639 identifier: bnjFreebase ISO 639-3 : bnj GeoNames.org Country Information Publications Office of the European Union Metadata Registry : Countries and Languages |